Asymmetrical IO Method and System

ABSTRACT

An asymmetrical IO method and system are described. In one embodiment, a host device includes shared resources for data synchronization of the host device and a client device. The shared resources include a shared phase interpolator. In an embodiment, data lines between the host and client are also used to transmit phase information from the client device to the host device, obviating the need for additional, dedicated lines or pins.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention is in the field of data transfer in computer and otherdigital systems.

BACKGROUND

As computer and other digital systems become more complex and morecapable, methods and hardware to enhance the transfer of data betweensystem components or elements continually evolve. Data to be transferredinclude signals representing data, commands, or any other signals.System components or elements can include different functional hardwareblocks on a single integrated circuit (IC), or on different ICs. Thedifferent ICs may or may not be on the same printed circuit board (PCB).System components typically include an input/output (IO) interface, orphysical layer, specifically designed to receive data from other systemcomponents and to transmit data to other system components.

In many systems, some components are characterized as hosts and othercomponents are characterized as clients. Host components generallyinclude more capability or “intelligence” implemented, for example, asintegrated circuit logic. An example of a host-client relationship is amemory controller (host)-memory device (client) relationship. It isoften desirable for a client device, such as a dynamic random accessmemory (DRAM) for example, to include only a minimum amount ofintelligence for functions such as managing IO. One reason for this isthat it is expensive in terms of area and speed to implement logic on aDRAM device. Therefore, it is desirable for the host device to includeas much intelligence as possible for managing IO interactions with aclient such as a DRAM.

Existing IO interfaces and methods include “symmetrical IO” and“asymmetrical IO”. In general, for symmetrical IO, a host and a clienteach include similar IO capability, typically in the form of physicallayer circuitry devoted to IO functions. Symmetrical IO can be expensivefor the reasons explained above. For example, including all of therequired physical layer IO logic in a DRAM is expensive.

In general, for asymmetrical IO, a host and a client do not have similarIO capability. The host typically includes at least some circuitry tomanage IO on behalf of the client so that the client can be a simplerdevice. However, typical current asymmetrical physical layer IO designsplace excessive burden on host side, for example by including circuitryfor handling client functions.

Regardless of the type of IO interface, transferred data must besynchronized between host and client for proper operation.Synchronization includes accounting for or compensating for severalphenomena that potentially cause errors, including signal jitter and bitskew. The phenomena include differences between component clocks, andphysical attributes of the data paths that create noise and affect theintegrity of the transferred signal. Current asymmetrical IO designs canhave circuitry in the host device for performing this synchronization onbehalf of both the host and client. Some of the circuitry is redundant.For example, the redundant circuitry includes phase interpolators foreach of the host and client that adjust the phase of a sampling clock ora data signal in response to phase detection information. An object ofthis phase adjustment is to maintain the active edge, or sampling edge,of the sampling clock close to the center of the data eye of the data tobe sampled in order to prevent errors. Client-side phase information istransferred from the client to the host, and used by the host-sidesynchronization circuitry to perform phase adjustment for the clientdevice.

Another disadvantage of current asymmetrical IO systems is thatclient-side phase information is inefficiently transferred from theclient device to the host device. For example, in some systems,dedicated pins are added to carry phase information for each data bit,which adds expense and undesirably increases form factors of componentsin the system.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of portions of a prior art asymmetrical IOsystem 100, including a physical layer of a host device 102 and aphysical layer of a client device 104. The host device 102 and theclient device 104 each receive a system timing signal in a respectivephase lock loop (PLL) (host PLL 116 or client PLL 106) to generate oneor more local clock signals, including a sampling clock for samplingincoming data. The client device 104 receives data on multiplebidirectional data lines 112 and includes client phase detectioncircuitry 110 that determines whether the sampling clock is alignedclose to the center of the data eye of the received data. The clientphase detection circuitry outputs phase information that is transmittedto the host device 102 through physical signal carrier 114, which couldbe dedicated data lines.

The host device 102 includes host phase detection circuitry 118 thatdetermines whether the local sampling clock is properly aligned withrespect to data received by the host device 102 on multiplebidirectional data lines 112. The host device 102 also includesredundant circuitry for adjusting the phase of its local sampling clock,and for adjusting the phase of the data transmitted to the client device104 in response to the client phase information transmitted on lines114. In various prior systems, lines 114 represent dedicated, additionalwires, circuit board traces, pins, etc. for each data bit transmitted onlines 112. For adjusting the phase of the host device local samplingclock, the host device 102 includes receive phase control logic 120,receive phase interpolator 122 and latch/flop 128. To adjust the phaseof the data transmitted to the client device 104, the host device 102includes transmit phase control logic 126, transmit phase interpolator124, transmit phase control logic 126, and latch/flop 130.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of portions of a prior art asymmetrical IOsystem.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of portions of an asymmetrical IO system,according to an embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a more detailed block diagram of an asymmetrical IO system,according to an embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a method performed by the IO system,according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart that illustrates a method of communicating phaseinformation to in an asymmetrical IO system, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a timing diagram that illustrates the communication of clientphase information to a host device in an asymmetrical IO system,according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of an asymmetrical IO method and system are describedherein. In one embodiment, a host device includes shared resources fordata synchronization of the host device and a client device. The sharedresources include a shared phase interpolator. In an embodiment,multiple bidirectional data lines are also used to transmit phaseinformation from the client device to the host device, obviating theneed for additional, dedicated lines or pins. As used herein, the term“lines” encompasses wires, traces on a circuit board, integrated circuitcomponent pins, or any other signal carrying media. The multiplebidirectional data lines, which are also used to transmit clock phaseinformation, are also referred to herein as a data link. Embodimentsdescribed herein are appropriate to systems in which a memory controlleris a host device and a high speed memory device (such as a double datarate dynamic random access memory (DDR DRAM)) is a client device.However, embodiments are not limited to such systems.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of portions of an asymmetrical IO system 200according to an embodiment. The system 200 includes a host device 202and a client device 204. Various elements of a physical layer, includingdata synchronization elements, are shown for each of host device 202 andclient device 204. A system timing signal is received by a host PLL 214and also by a client PLL 206. The host PLL 214 generates a local hostclock signal that is used, for example, for sampling data received bythe host device by clocking latch/flop 226, which in an embodiment is aknown flip-flop. The local host clock signal is also used to controltransmitting data from the host device by clocking latch/flop 228.

The client PLL 206 generates a local client clock signal that is used tosample data transmitted by the host device 202 on data link 212. Aclient phase detection circuit 208 receives the data on data link 212and the local client clock signal, and detects the phase relationshipbetween the active (sampling) edge of the local client clock signal andthe data eye of the data stream transmitted on data link 212 from thehost 202. The client phase detection circuit 208 outputs client phaseinformation that is transmitted to transmit phase control logic 224 (onthe host device 202) during periods when the data link 212 are not beingused to transmit data between the host device 202 and the client device204. Transmission of the client phase information will be explained inmore detail below.

The client phase information signal in an embodiment is a certain numberof bits encoded to indicate that the local client clock is early, late,or aligned (also referred to as no operation, or NOP) with respect tothe data eye of the data received by the client device 204. The localclient clock signal is considered aligned if the active edge of thelocal client clock signal is close to the center of the data eye of thereceived data stream on data link 212. In an embodiment, the clientphase information signal includes two bits encoded to indicate the phaserelationship of the local clock with the received data eye. Otherembodiments can include more bits (e.g., three bits) to indicate theclient phase information with finer granularity, for example the localclock is very late, late, early, very early, etc., with respect to thereceived data.

The transmit phase control logic 224 outputs a transmit phase controlsignal that controls a shared phase interpolator 220 to adjust the localhost clock with respect to data transmitted to the client. Phaseinterpolators are known devices that adjust the phase of a clock signalor other signal, for example by delaying the signal for a configurablenumber of stages. In various embodiments, any signal timing adjustmentdevice or method is appropriate as an alternative to a typical phaseinterpolator.

The host device 202 further includes a host phase detection circuit 216that receives the output of the shared phase interpolator 220 and datafrom the client 206 on data link 212. The output of the sharedinterpolator 220, in an embodiment, is an adjusted local host clocksignal. The host phase detection circuit 216 determines the phase of theadjusted local host clock signal with respect to the data received andoutputs a host phase information signal. The host phase informationsignal is received by receive phase control logic 218, which outputs areceive phase control signal. The host phase information signal in anembodiment is two bits encoded to indicate that the adjusted local hostclock signal is early, late, or aligned with respect to the data eye.The adjusted local host clock signal is considered aligned with receiveddata if the active edge of the adjusted local host clock signal is closeto the center of the data eye of the received data stream on data link212. Other embodiments can include more bits (e.g., three bits) toindicate the host phase information with finer granularity, for examplethe local host clock is very late, late, early, very early, etc., withrespect to the received data.

The output of the receive phase control logic 218 (the receive phasecontrol signal) and the output of the transmit phase control logic 224(the transmit phase control signal) are both inputs to multiplexer 222.The output of the multiplexer 222 is received by a shared phaseinterpolator 220. One of the inputs of the multiplexer 222 is selectedto be output from the multiplexer 222 in a known manner. The multiplexer222 outputs one of the phase control signals according to a controlsignal on a select line 230. In one embodiment the control signal is anoutput or transmit enable (OE) signal that indicates the direction ofdata transmission on the data link 212. In an embodiment, a high OEsignal indicates that the host device 202 is transmitting data on thebidirectional data link 212. In such an embodiment, when the controlsignal is high, the transmit phase control signal is output by themultiplexer 222 to the shared phase interpolator 220. In otherembodiments, a low OE signal indicates that the host device 202 istransmitting data on the data link 212. In other embodiment othersignals are used to control the output of the multiplexer 222, includingsignals generated by intermediate logic (not shown) from any combinationof signals. Alternatively the select line 230 can be controlled bysoftware at any level.

When the transmit phase control signal is the input to the shared phaseinterpolator 220, the adjusted local host clock signal is output to thelatch/flop 228 to control transmission of data to the client device 204.In effect, when the transmit phase control signal is the input to theshared phase interpolator 220, the data transmitted by the host 202 tothe client 204 is moved forward or backward according to the transmitphase control signal.

When the receive phase control signal is the input to the shared phaseinterpolator 222, the phase adjusted local host clock signal is outputto the latch/flop 226 to control sampling of data received by the hostdevice 202. In effect, when the receive phase control signal is theinput to the shared phase interpolator 222, the local host clock ismoved forward or backward according to the receive phase control signal.

FIG. 3 is a more detailed block diagram of portions of an asymmetricalIO system 300 according to an embodiment. The system 300 includes a hostdevice 302 and a client device 304. The host device 302 and the clientdevice 304 communicate through a bidirectional data link 350 whichincludes a data bus and command/address lines. In an embodiment, thedata bus includes a separate data bit line for each data bit. Each ofthe data bit lines also carries clock phase information for acorresponding bit, as further described below. Various elements of aphysical layer, including data synchronization elements, are shown foreach of host device 302 and client device 304. A system timing signal isreceived by a host PLL 314 and also by a client PLL 306. The host PLL314 generates a local host clock signal that is adjusted by a sharedphase interpolator 320 to generate an adjusted local host clock signal.The adjusted local host clock signal is used, for example, for samplingdata received by the host device by clocking latches/flops B and C. Theadjusted local host clock signal is also used to control transmittingdata from the host device through buffer J by clocking latch/flop E.

The client PLL 306 generates a local client clock signal that is used tosample data transmitted by the host device 302 on bidirectional datalink 350. A client phase detection circuit 308 receives the data on datalink 350 and the local client clock signal, and detects the phaserelationship between the active (sampling) edge of the local clientclock signal and the data eye of the data stream transmitted on datalink 350 from the host 302. The client phase detection circuit 308includes latches/flops G and H and early/late detection circuitry.

The client phase detection circuit 308 outputs a client phaseinformation signal to latches/flops K and L. The client phaseinformation is transmitted to transmit phase control logic 324 (on thehost device 302) during periods when the data link 350 is not being usedto transmit data between the host device 302 and the client device 304.Transmission of the client phase information will be explained in moredetail below. Latch/flop F is clocked by the local client clock totransmit signals through buffer I to data link 350 and client phasedetection circuit 308.

The host device 302 further includes input/output latches/flops A and Dand a host phase detection circuit 316 that receives the adjusted localhost clock signal, and data and control signals from the client 304 ondata link 350 through latches/flops B and C. The host phase detectioncircuit 316 determines the phase of the adjusted local host clock signalwith respect to the data received and outputs a host phase informationsignal. The host phase information signal is received by receive phasecontrol logic 318, which outputs a receive phase control signal. Thehost phase information signal in an embodiment is a certain number(e.g., two or three) bits encoded to indicate that the local host clocksignal is early, late, or aligned with respect to the data eye. Theadjusted local host clock signal is considered aligned if the activeedge of the adjusted local host clock signal is close to the center ofthe data eye of the received data stream on data link 350. Otherembodiments can include more bits (e.g., three bits) to indicate thehost phase information with finer granularity, for example the localhost clock is very late, late, early, very early, etc., with respect tothe received data.

The transmit phase control logic 324 receives the client phaseinformation signal through latches/flops M and N. The transmit phasecontrol logic 324 on the host device 302 outputs a transmit phasecontrol signal. The client phase information signal in an embodiment isa certain number (e.g., two or three) bits encoded to indicate that thelocal client clock is early, late, or aligned with respect to the dataeye of the data received by the client device 304. The local clientclock signal is considered aligned if the active edge of the localclient clock signal is close to the center of the data eye of thereceived data stream on data link 350.

The output of the receive phase control logic (the receive phase controlsignal) and the output of the transmit phase control logic (the transmitphase control signal) are both inputs to multiplexer 322. In oneembodiment, the multiplexer 322 is a control device that determineswhich phase control signal (transmit or receive) is used to adjust thelocal host clock. In other embodiments, other control devices or methodscould be used. The output of the multiplexer 322 is received by a sharedphase interpolator 320. One of the inputs of the multiplexer 322 isselected to be output from the multiplexer 322 in a known manner. Themultiplexer 322 outputs one of the phase control signals according to acontrol signal on a select line 330. In one embodiment the controlsignal is an output or transmit enable (OE) signal that indicates thedirection of data transmission on the data link 350. In an embodiment, ahigh OE signal indicates that the host device 302 is transmitting dataon the bidirectional data link 350. In such an embodiment, when thecontrol signal is high, the transmit phase control signal is output bythe multiplexer 322 to the shared phase interpolator 320. In otherembodiments, a low OE signal indicates that the host device 302 istransmitting data on the bidirectional data link 350. In otherembodiment other signals are used to control the output of themultiplexer 322, including signals generated by intermediate logic (notshown) from any combination of signals. Alternatively, the select line330 can be controlled by software at any level. The shared phaseinterpolator 320 receives one of the phase control signals and the localhost clock signal and outputs the adjusted local host clock signal.

When the receive phase control signal is the input to the shared phaseinterpolator 320, the adjusted local host clock signal is output to thelatches/flops B and C to control sampling of data received by the hostdevice 302. In effect, when the receive phase control signal is theinput to the shared phase interpolator 320, the local host clock ismoved forward or backward relative to the received data, according tothe receive phase control signal.

When the transmit phase control signal is the input to the shared phaseinterpolator 320, the adjusted local host clock signal is output to thelatch E to control transmission of data to the client device 304. Ineffect, when the transmit phase control signal is the input to theshared phase interpolator 320, the data transmitted by the host 302 tothe client 304 is moved forward or backward relative to the local clientclock signal according to the transmit phase control signal.

In various embodiments, the synchronization elements in the host 302 andthe client 304 (including host phase detection circuit 316, client phasedetection circuit 308, receive phase control logic 318 and transmitphase control logic 324) do not operate at all times. In variousembodiments, the control of the described circuitry is performed by ahigh-level system protocol. For example, the protocol can dictate thatthe phase detection and adjustment occur at certain intervals.Alternatively, the interval at which the phase detection and adjustmentoccurs can be adapted based on historical information. For example, ifno adjustment was required on the last two phase detection periods, theinterval is increased. The phase detection and adjustment can be enabledand disabled in various ways under various conditions. Many otherbehaviors can be dictated by the protocol governing the physical layersof the host and client.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a method 400 performed by the system asdescribed above when the phase detection and adjustment is dictated bythe governing protocol according to an embodiment.

At 402, it is determined whether phase detection and adjustment isenabled. If phase detection and adjustment is enabled, it is determinedwhether the host is transmitting or receiving at 404. If the host istransmitting, the phase of the local client clock is detected at 406.The client phase information is transmitted to the transmit phasecontrol logic at 408. Because the host is transmitting, the output ofthe transmit phase control logic is input to the shared phaseinterpolator, and the phase of the data being transmitted to the clientis adjusted by the shared phase interpolator at 410.

If the host is receiving, the phase of the local host clock is detectedat 412. The host phase information is transmitted to the receive phasecontrol logic at 414. Because the host is receiving, the output of thereceive phase control logic is input to the shared phase interpolator,and the phase of the local clock output by the host PLL is adjusted bythe shared phase interpolator at 416.

Other methods can also be performed by the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3.For example, in other embodiments, the phase detection and adjustmentcircuitry is always active and the select input of the multiplexer 322determines the function of the circuitry.

In one embodiment, each of the data lines in data link 350 of FIG. 3transmits client phase information, as well as data, between the hostdevice and the client device. Transmitting the client phase informationon the data lines themselves eliminates the need to provide dedicatedpins for each data line or additional timing control lines in the datalink. It also takes advantage of the inherent idle period betweentransmit and receive cycles to wait for the interface to be undriven(electrically idle) on a bidirectional link. Depending upon the actualhost-client devices, and bus interface type, the idle period can vary.For example, in many current DRAM circuits, the transaction size (idleperiod) is several bits long, while for a proposed next generation DRAM,the transaction size is eight bits per burst (8 bits per wire). Invarious embodiments, the idle period can include any number of cycles,including full cycles and portions of cycles, such as half clock cycles.

In one embodiment, the client phase information is transmitted betweenthe host and client during the electrical turnaround time between readand write operations. When the bus transaction is changed from a read toa write, the client phase information stored during the last write cycleis transmitted. The host receives the data and uses it to adjust thephase of the clock relative to the data to be transmitted.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart that illustrates a method of communicating clientphase information to a host in an asymmetrical interface, according toan embodiment. In general, for a DRAM system, a read burst is initiatedwith a read command. A write command can be issued any time after a readcommand as long as the bus (electrical) turnaround time is met. For theembodiment illustrated in FIG. 5, a read command is first issued at 502.The read data is then transmitted over the data bus at 504. After thelast read data is transmitted over the data bus, client phaseinformation is transmitted over the data bus at 506. In one embodiment,the client phase information is transmitted on the first two bits afterthe last read data. However, it should be noted that the client phaseinformation can be encoded as any number of bits within the electricalturnaround time of the bus. In certain cases, the electrical turnaroundtime may be too short to enable transmission of the encoded client phaseinformation. Thus, at 508 it is determined whether there is a sufficientnumber of clock cycles in the electrical turnaround (idle) time of thebus. If there is insufficient turnaround time for transmission of theclient phase information, the turnaround time is increased at 510 byeither adding clock cycles or waiting for an additional read/writeperiod until a sufficient number of clock cycles is provided for theclient phase information, prior to the data write operation. If, in 508it is determined that there is enough turnaround time for thetransmission of the client phase information, the process proceedsdirectly with the issuance of a write command at 512 and thetransmission of the write data over the data bus at 514.

FIG. 6 is a timing diagram that illustrates the communication of clientphase information to a host device in an asymmetrical interface,according to an embodiment. The timing diagram of FIG. 6 illustrates anexample in which the idle period between transmit and receive cycles iseight bits per burst (8 bits per wire). The timing diagram 600illustrates the command and data signals transmitted over acommand/address bus 602 and a data bus 604 connected between a hostdevice and a client device. As shown in FIG. 6, a first and second readcommand 606 and 608, each comprising 8-bits, is transmitted overcommand/address bus 602. Following idle period 610, two data words 612and 614 to be read from the client device (e.g., DRAM) are transmittedover the data bus 604. This read operation is followed by a writeoperation, in which a write command 620 is transmitted over thecommand/address bus 602, resulting in the writing of data 621 to theclient device. An idle period 618 for the electrical turnaround time ofthe data bus is between the transmission of the last read data 614 andthe commencement of the write operation 620. For the example illustratedin FIG. 6, this turnaround time is assumed to be 8 bits long, howeverthis time period may be different depending upon the characteristics ofthe devices and the bus interface between the devices.

In one embodiment, the client phase information bits, such as bits 616,are generated and encoded onto the data lines by an early/late detectcircuit (e.g., circuit 308 in FIG. 3) on the client device, and decodedby a decoder circuit within the transmit phase control logic (e.g.,circuit 324 in FIG. 3) on the host device. The decoded client phaseinformation is then provided as an input to a phase interpolator on thehost device to align the data transmitted from the host to the clientrelative to the client local clock. As stated above, in one embodiment,encoded client phase information 616 is transmitted from the client tothe host device during the electrical turnaround time of the bus. Theclient phase information is transmitted as a series of bits (e.g., twoor three bits) that indicate the phase of the client local clockrelative to the data.

FIG. 6 includes a state table 620 that illustrates an example scheme forcoding the client phase information bits, according to an embodiment.For the example illustrated in FIG. 6, two bits are used to encode theclient phase information. In table 620, column 622 lists the possiblevalue of the two bits that are used to encode the phase data, column 624lists the client phase information associated with each of the fourpossible values of the two phase bits, and column 626 lists the actionto be taken by the controller in response to the phase data. For theexample illustrated in FIG. 6, a data value of “0 0” indicates that theclock signal is early relative to the data transmitted over the databus. In this case, a phase interpolator on the host can be programmed toshift the clock signal back relative to the data, to synchronize theclient local clock to the data. Likewise, a data value of “111”indicates that the clock signal is late relative to the data transmittedover the data bus. For this case, the phase interpolator on the host canbe programmed to shift the clock signal forward relative to the databus. For the case in which the bit values are “0 1” or “1 0” theindication is that the data is sufficiently within the window of theclock signal, so that no adjustment of the clock is required. In thiscase, a NOP (no operation), or equivalent action can be issued by thephase interpolator.

As illustrated in FIG. 6, two data bits can be used to encode the clientphase information. It should be noted however, that depending upon thenumber of clock cycles present in the turnaround time provided forencoding the client phase information, a greater or lesser number ofbits can be used to encode this information. A greater number of bitsprovides for more granularity in indicating precisely how misaligned orexact the clock signal is with regard to the data. For example, if threebits are used to encode the clock data, eight possible indications canbe provided with respect to clock alignment. This would allow the systemto define whether the data is very late or very early, slightly late orslightly early, or exactly aligned, and adjust the clock accordingly.

For the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6, the electrical turnaround time618 is shown as a fixed number of clock cycles (e.g., 8 clock cycles).In an alternative embodiment, the electrical turnaround time between theread and write operations is dynamic and can be controlled, such as bysoftware or logic circuitry, to vary over a particular range of clockcycles, such as from 2 clock cycles to 16 clock cycles. For thisembodiment, the turnaround period can be programmed to conformspecifically to the requirements of the encoded client phaseinformation. Alternatively, if the electrical turnaround time is tooshort, a delay can be taken corresponding to at least one additionalread/write cycle.

In one embodiment, the client phase information can be accumulated overa particular time period by filter circuit (e.g., a loop filter) todetermine how to update the phase interpolator control value. The outputof the filter can comprise a number of bits that encodes a summary ofphase interpolator results accumulated since a prior transmission ofclient phase information to the host device.

Aspects of the invention described above may be implemented asfunctionality programmed into any of a variety of circuitry, includingbut not limited to programmable logic devices (PLDs), such as fieldprogrammable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable array logic (PAL)devices, electrically programmable logic and memory devices and standardcell-based devices, as well as application specific integrated circuits(ASICs) and fully custom integrated circuits. Some other possibilitiesfor implementing aspects of the invention include: microcontrollers withmemory (such as electronically erasable programmable read only memory(EEPROM)), embedded microprocessors, firmware, software, etc.Furthermore, aspects of the invention may be embodied in microprocessorshaving software-based circuit emulation, discrete logic (sequential andcombinatorial), custom devices, fuzzy (neural) logic, quantum devices,and hybrids of any of the above device types. Of course the underlyingdevice technologies may be provided in a variety of component types,e.g., metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET)technologies like complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS),bipolar technologies like emitter-coupled logic (ECL), polymertechnologies (e.g., silicon-conjugated polymer and metal-conjugatedpolymer-metal structures), mixed analog and digital, etc.

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout thedescription and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and thelike are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to anexclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in a sense of “including,but not limited to.” Words using the singular or plural number alsoinclude the plural or singular number respectively. Additionally, thewords “herein,” “hereunder,” “above,” “below,” and words of similarimport, when used in this application, refer to this application as awhole and not to any particular portions of this application. When theword “or” is used in reference to a list of two or more items, that wordcovers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of theitems in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination ofthe items in the list.

The above description of illustrated embodiments of the invention is notintended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise formdisclosed. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, theinvention are described herein for illustrative purposes, variousequivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention,as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. The teachings ofthe invention provided herein can be applied to other systems, not onlyfor the system in which a memory controller is a host device and a DDRDRAM is a client device, as described by way of example above.

The various operations described may be performed in a very wide varietyof architectures and distributed differently than described. Forexample, a single host device may communicate with, and perform clockphase adjustment for, multiple client devices in the manner describedabove. In addition, though many configurations are described herein,none are intended to be limiting or exclusive.

In other embodiments, some or all of the hardware and softwarecapability described herein may exist in a printer, a camera,television, handheld device, mobile telephone or some other device. Theelements and acts of the various embodiments described above can becombined to provide further embodiments. These and other changes can bemade to the invention in light of the above detailed description.

In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not beconstrued to limit the method and system to the specific embodimentsdisclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construedto include any methods and systems that operate under the claims.Accordingly, the method and system is not limited by the disclosure, butinstead the scope of the method and system is to be determined entirelyby the claims.

While certain aspects of the method and system are presented below incertain claim forms, the inventors contemplate the various aspects ofthe method and system in any number of claim forms. For example, whileonly one aspect of the method and system may be recited as embodied incomputer-readable medium, other aspects may likewise be embodied incomputer-readable medium. Accordingly, the inventors reserve the rightto add additional claims after filing the application to pursue suchadditional claim forms for other aspects of the asymmetrical IO methodand system.

1. A system, comprising: a client device configured to transmit data toa host device, receive data from a host device, and transmit clientclock phase information to the host device during an electricalturnaround time between read and write operations over a data buscoupling the client device and the host device; and a host deviceconfigured to receive the client clock phase information from the clientdevice, the host device comprising shared data synchronization resourcesthat use the client clock phase information to adjust a host clock fortransmitting data to the at least one client device, wherein the sharedresources are shared between transmit and receive functions of the hostdevice. 2-20. (canceled)